<p>Sample demographic characteristics.</p>

The ileocolic artery (ICA) was present in 100% of specimens and always originated from the SMA; 74.2% coursed posterior to the SMV and 25.8% anterior. The right colic artery (RCA) was absent in 35.5%, and when present originated from the SMA (55.0%), middle colic artery (MCA) (40.0%), or ICA (5.0%). The MCA was present in 100% of specimens; a dual-MCA variant was found in 6.5%.

The ileocolic vein drained to the SMV in 100% of cases. The gastrocolic trunk (GCT) was present in 71.0% of specimens (absent in 29.0%), with a median length of 11.04 mm (IQR 10.40–12.74 mm). This study provides the first comprehensive cadaveric dataset of right colic vascular anatomy in Vietnamese subjects.

Key findings — including the 35.5% absence rate of the RCA, 25.8% anterior ICA crossing, and 29.0% GCT absence — serve as direct intraoperative warning indicators for Vietnamese laparoscopic colorectal surgeons: approximately 1 in 4 patients will have the ICA crossing anterior to the SMV (mandating anterior-surface inspection before peritoneal incision), 1 in 3 will lack the RCA (precluding its use as a reliable landmark), and nearly 1 in 3 will have no GCT (requiring individual tributary ligation at the pancreatic head).

These proportions constitute population-specific benchmarks that should inform preoperative planning and intraoperative decision-making during CME-CVL in this setting.</p></div>