Mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) diversity and distribution across different freshwater habitats

Values these components were almost identical in the other four waterbody types. Ephemeroptera community composition showed a clear separation between sites with coarse substrate from those with fine substrate, although some overlap is present. Indicator species were identified for specific waterbody types.

Oxygen concentration and saturation, phosphate concentration, and altitude were identified as key environmental drivers of mayfly distribution. These findings demonstrate that Ephemeroptera communities are strongly influenced by hydromorphological and physicochemical conditions, which underpins their sensitivity to habitat alteration and supports their application in freshwater management and conservation strategies, especially in regions where freshwater ecosystems are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic pressures.