<p><i>P. falciparum</i> parasite development in RBCs with different HBB genotypes.</p>

Y-axis: percentage of parasite stages (%); X-axis: HBB genotype groups (HbAA <i>n</i> = 1, HbAC <i>n</i> = 1 and HbAS <i>n</i> = 2, and HbSS <i>n</i> = 2 and HbSC <i>n</i> = 2 donors from a malaria-endemic area in Nanoro, Burkina Faso. Timepoints shown are where progression toward late stages (<i>i.e.,</i> schizont stages) is most clearly observed, namely 35–40 hpi (Generation 0; left graph and Generation 1; right graph).

A shift towards earlier parasite stages indicates developmental delay.(B) Developmental progression of individual parasite cultures across timepoints 35–40 hpi (Generation 0), and 25–30 hpi and 35–40 hpi (Generation 1), shown as the proportion of late stages (schizonts) among total infected RBCs (iRBCs) measured by flow cytometry. Data are stratified by HBB genotype: HbAA (<i>n</i> = 5), HbAC (<i>n</i> = 5),HbAS (<i>n</i> = 4), and HbSC (<i>n</i> = 1) donors from a malaria-endemic area in Nanoro, Burkina Faso; and HbSS (<i>n</i> = 12), HbSC (<i>n</i> = 1) and <i>n</i> = 6 control HbAA donors [HbAA CTRL] from a non-endemic area.