The Emigration Frontier: Income Gaps, Population Scale, and Bounded Migration Adjustment

The package contains the processed analysis dataset (merged_df_final_revision.csv, 9,667 country-year observations covering 1970–2022, from which the estimation sample of 6,663 observations across 138 countries over 1970–2020 is drawn) and all code needed to reproduce every table and figure. Estimation is restricted to 1970–2020, the period for which the construction of the Standaert-Rayp database is documented. Code is in three languages: R (Manual_Data_Analysis.R) for data assembly and Figure 1; Stata (estimate_final_v3.do) for Tables 2–4, Appendix F, and the Section 6.1 and 6.6 diagnostics; and Python for Figures 2–10, Tables 5–6 and Appendices A.3, B, D and E, with run_all.py as driver.

Also included are undesa_emigration.csv and the five Stata .dta coefficient files, so the figures can be reproduced without Stata. See README.md for software requirements, runtimes, and the mapping from outputs to the manuscript. Eight raw input files are not redistributed, being subject to their providers' licences, but all are openly accessible: Standaert-Rayp bilateral migration (Mendeley Data, DOI 10.17632/cpt3nh6jct.2), Penn World Tables v11.0, KOF Globalisation Index 2025, Barro-Lee education v3, UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict v25.1, UN World Population Prospects age data, Quality of Government Standard TS (January 2026), and UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2020.

Filenames and sources are documented in README.md. Replicators regenerating the processed CSV from raw sources should place these files in the working directory before running the R script; others can begin at the Stata or Python stage.