Sustainable Synthesis of Hard Carbon with Abundant Ultramicropores via Magnesium-Ion Catalysis for Kinetically Accelerated Sodium Storage

However, its practical implementation is still constrained by insufficient low-voltage plateau capacity (<0.1 V), low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), and sluggish reaction kinetics. Herein, we propose a green and scalable one-step pyrolysis strategy that employs magnesium-ion (Mg²⁺) catalysis to achieve full-lifecycle regulation of bamboo powder precursors, affording bamboo-derived HC with both high CO functional groups content and abundant ultramicropores.

Specifically, magnesium acetate selectively hydrolyzes hemicellulose and dissolves lignin during pretreatment, while inducing molecular crosslinking between lignin and cellulose. During the subsequent high-temperature carbonization, the crosslinked precursors carbonize to significantly increase the CO functional groups; meanwhile, Mg²⁺ ions exert dual functions as a graphitization catalyst and a pore-forming agent, inducing localized graphitic domains to bend and deform, thereby constructing ultramicropores <i>in situ</i>.