Table 1_Mobility-informed hospital siting for accessible and lower-carbon healthcare travel: an ensemble learning study in Tianjin, China.docx

Respondents generally reported a travel tolerance of within 20 km and 60 min, while their willingness to use direct public transport declined as the number of stops increased. The ensemble achieved a reported validation accuracy above 90% under the study’s validation procedure. Among the scenarios evaluated, J1 combined medium surveyed medical-visitor density, high service coverage, high accessibility, greater distance from expressways, high public transit coverage, and medium road network density.

This scenario had the lowest relative carbon-emission level. By incorporating observed mobility constraints, the framework may support more accessible and lower-carbon planning of urban public-health infrastructure. Because the analysis uses a hospital-based survey from one city, broader application requires population-based data and external validation.</p>