Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates osteoarthritis progression by modulating the Nrf2-mediated autophagy pathway

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), a natural steroidal saponin from <i>Panax ginseng</i>, on OA and to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms.</p> <p>The effects of Rg3 were evaluated using a combination of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation in vitro and in vivo.

IL-1β–stimulated chondrocytes and a mouse OA model induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) served as experimental platforms. Inflammatory mediators, ECM-associated markers, and proteins related to apoptosis and autophagy were analyzed by qPCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. Molecular docking was performed to predict potential targets and signaling pathways involved.</p> <p>Rg3 significantly inhibited IL-1β–induced inflammation by downregulating iNOS, COX-2, and IL-6 expression.