Supplementary file 1_Modern hysteroscopic management of congenital uterine anomalies: current techniques, emerging technologies, and future directions.docx

Hysteroscopy has transformed the management of correctable intracavitary anomalies by enabling conservative, image-guided reconstruction of the uterine cavity while avoiding the morbidity of historical abdominal metroplasty.</p>Scope<p>This narrative review critically examines contemporary hysteroscopic management of septate uterus, dysmorphic uterus, bicorporeal septate uterus and rare obstructive malformations, such as Robert's uterus.

We discuss the implications of the ESHRE/ESGE, CUME, and ASRM classification systems; the role of three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative mapping; and the technical principles that guide metroplasty, cavity remodeling, ultrasound-guided hysteroscopy, office-based metroplasty, and staged approaches in complex anatomy.</p>Discussion<p>Bipolar saline-based platforms, miniaturized resectoscopes, bipolar needle electrodes, cold scissors, and selected tissue removal systems have expanded the therapeutic spectrum and improved safety.