Table 1_Preclinical efficacy and safety of drug-loaded porous silicon nanoparticles for cancer treatment: a systematic review of in vitro and in vivo studies.docx

Targeting ligands, polymeric coatings, and pH-, redox-, magnetic-, or near-infrared-responsive systems generally improved cellular uptake, drug release, cytotoxicity, and antitumor activity relative to study-specific comparators. Most in vitro studies were classified as reliable with restrictions, while several animal-study domains had unclear risk of bias because key safeguards were insufficiently reported.</p>Conclusion<p>Drug-loaded pSiNPs show promising preclinical anticancer activity, but the evidence is dominated by in vitro proof-of-concept studies.

Animal evidence remains limited and does not establish long-term systemic safety or biocompatibility. Standardized nanoparticle characterization, rigorous animal designs, and comprehensive long-term safety and biodistribution studies are required before clinical translation.</p>Systematic Review Registration<p>crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251076592.</p>