<p>Supporting information.</p>

By combining desktop analysis, field observations, questionnaires and stakeholder interviews, we demonstrate how each method complements each other to fill data gaps, improve design of methods such as surveys, and increase the understanding of multi-hazard risk dynamics and challenges that become apparent in a local context.

Mixed-methods also allow for bridging the gap between scientific modelling and community realities, while reducing reliance on often limited datasets and standardised (often quantitative) methods that are often aimed at larger scale assessments. This combination of quantitative and qualitative methods is illustrated in a recent fieldwork experience, with the objective of suggesting Nature-based Solutions (NBS) to reduce climate risk for the island of Tenerife.