Modeling the Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Lemon Pomace-Based Water Kefir Using Response Surface Methodology

Independent Variables: The experimental matrix includes lemon pomace concentration at 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/v), sucrose at 6%, 8%, and 10% (w/v), and pineapple juice at 0%, 5%, and 10% (v/v). Dependent Variables: Measured responses include pH, supernatant fraction, total soluble solids, absolute viscosity, total titratable acidity, vitamin C content, total phenols, IC50 values, and DPPH radical scavenging inhibition percentages.

Software and Analysis: Statistical models and optimization data were processed using Design-Expert software version 13.0 via Type III partial ANOVA.