<p>Factors associated with quality of life.</p>

In contrast, avoidant coping was negatively associated with maternal well-being. Several sociodemographic factors, including having a child with a disability, lower paternal education, lower household wealth, and single parenthood, were associated with higher levels of parental stress and maladaptive coping. Although parental stress showed a negative bivariate association with quality of life, it did not remain a significant independent predictor in the multivariable model.

Qualitative findings identified three major themes: (1) parenting stress as a daily struggle, (2) adaptive and strained coping strategies, and (3) structural and cultural barriers to maternal well-being. Participants described chronic financial hardship, emotional exhaustion, social stigma toward disability, and limited formal and informal support systems as important influences on maternal QoL.</p> <p>Conclusion</p><p>Maternal quality of life in Tanzania is shaped by the interplay between psychosocial factors and broader social and structural conditions.

The integrated findings suggest that improving maternal well-being requires multilevel interventions that strengthen adaptive coping resources while addressing parenting-related stress and broader contextual barriers.</p></div>