Table 3_Leveraging women empowerment for better maternal health: using the SWPER index to identify key drivers of quality antenatal care in Southern Africa.docx

The significance level was set at p < 0.05, with a 95% confidence interval.</p>Results<p>Overall, 45.1% of the women received quality ANC, with wide variation between countries (27.4% in Malawi vs. 92.1% in South Africa). A high level of empowerment against violence and decision-making was observed among the women in most of the countries. Women with high social independence (aOR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01–1.24) and strong rejection of gender-based violence (aOR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.05–1.26) were significantly more likely to receive high-quality ANC.

Early ANC initiation, ≥8 visits, and doctor-led care were the most powerful predictors of quality ANC care.</p>Conclusion<p>Women's empowerment, particularly social independence and autonomy from violence, plays a critical role in improving the quality of ANC in Southern Africa. However, persistent socioeconomic and geographic inequities highlight the need for context-specific strategies. Policies that integrate gender equality frameworks with strengthened ANC service delivery, especially in rural and low-performing countries, are essential for achieving maternal health targets.</p>