Microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems and their effects on macroinvertebrates

At the physiological level, MP exposure altered antioxidant enzyme expression, suggesting stress-related responses with potential consequences for soil health.<br><br>The research was extended to marine systems using the European hermit crab, Pagurus bernhardus. Microplastic exposure influenced shell selection behaviour in a sex-dependent manner, altering motivation, decision-making, and responses to predatory threat. These findings highlight behavioural disruptions that may affect survival and fitness in marine invertebrates.<br><br>Collectively, this thesis advances understanding of MPs by combining field surveys with behavioural and physiological experiments across terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

It demonstrates that responses to MPs are species- and context-dependent, encompassing both behavioural and molecular pathways. The findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive risk assessments, stakeholder awareness, and sustainable alternatives to reduce MP pollution and safeguard soil health, biodiversity, and ecosystem services.<br><br><i>Thesis is embargoed until 31 December 2028.</i><br>