Table 1_Nonlinear association between birth weight and overweight/obesity in children aged 3–6 years: a retrospective analysis of 13 cities in China.docx

Subgroup analysis results were visualized using forest plots; restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis was performed to examine nonlinear and dose–response relationships; and sensitivity analysis included mixed-effects logistic regression models to adjust for clustering effects, changing birth weight classification cut-points, and excluding gestational age (a key potential covariate).</p>Results<p>A total of 23,362 participants were included.

The prevalence of overweight, obesity, and overweight/obesity was 19.2, 9, and 28.2%, respectively. (1) Birth weight exhibited a nonlinear association with weight and BMI at 3–6 years, with a gentle slope in the early segment and a steeper slope in the later segment (P for nonlinearity < 0.001). (2) After covariate adjustment, low birth weight was not associated with overweight risk (p = 0.165), although it was associated with obesity and combined overweight/obesity risks (OR = 0.628 and 0.736, p = 0.027 and 0.010).

However, after stratification by gender, age, geography, and urban–rural status, all subgroups showed no statistical significance; gestational age had a significant interaction with low birth weight, with low birth weight (term birth) having lower overweight/obesity risk (p = 0.001), while preterm infants showed no overweight/obesity risk (p > 0.05). (3)Macrosomia was significantly associated with increased risks of overweight (OR = 1.464, 95%CI: 1.326–1.616), obesity (OR = 2.346, 95%CI: 2.087–2.648), and overweight/obesity (OR = 2.006, 95%CI: 1.839–2.188) compared with normal birth weight (all p < 0.001); the subgroup analysis indicated a more pronounced trend in younger age groups (p < 0.001).

(4) After covariate adjustment, the relationship between birth weight and risks of obesity/overweight/obesity was flat in the lower range and increased sharply in the higher range, demonstrating a nonlinear dose–response relationship (P for nonlinearity < 0.001).</p>Conclusion<p>Birth weight shows nonlinear associations with weight, BMI, and risks of obesity/overweight/obesity in children aged 3–6 years, characterized by a gentle slope in the lower birth weight range and a steeper slope in the higher range.

Low birth weight has limited impact on the development of overweight and obesity, but gestational age shows significant heterogeneity; whereas macrosomia confers significantly higher risks of overweight, obesity, and overweight/obesity compared with normal birth weight, with this effect diminishing with increasing age.</p>