Examination of mixed-phase precipitation forecasts from the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh Model using surface observations and sounding data

The analyses concentrate on regions of mixed-phase precipitation from two winter season events. The results show that when both the observational and model data indicated mixed-phase precipitation at the surface, the model represents the observed temperature profile well. Overall, cases where the model predicted rain but the observations indicated mixed-phase precipitation generally show a model surface temperature bias of <2°C and a vertical temperature profile similar to the sounding observations.

However, the surface temperature bias was ~4°C in weather systems involving cold-air damming in the eastern United States, resulting in an incorrect surface precipitation phase or the duration (areal coverage) of freezing rain being much shorter (smaller) than the observation. Cases with predicted snow in regions of observed mixed-phase precipitation present subtle difference in the elevated layer with temperatures near 0°C and the near-surface layer.