Temperature and pressure dependence of the rain-snow phase transition over land and ocean

To quantify the temperature and pressure dependence of snow frequency (F, in %) when precipitation occurs, we have analyzed 3-hourly weather reports of surface air temperature (Ts, °C) and pressure (Ps), and snow and rain occurrences from over 15,000 land stations and available ship observations from 1977 - 2007. It is found that the phase transition occurs over a fairly wide range of temperature from about −2°C to +4°C over (low-elevation) land and −3°C to +6°C over ocean.

The F-Ts relationship can be represented by a hyperbolic tangent: F(Ts) = a [tanh (b (Ts - c)) - d], with the slope parameter b close to 0.7 over land and 0.4 over ocean. The pressure-dependence is only secondary and reflected in the parameters. Results show that snow occurs often (F > 50%) for Ts ≤ 1.2°C over land and Ts ≤ 1.9°C over ocean, and are non-negligible (F > 5%) for Ts ≤ 3.8°C over land and Ts ≤ 5.5°C over ocean.