Table 1_Dietary intake and circulating levels of vitamins, antioxidants, and fatty acids in relation to coronary heart disease risk: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis.docx

In categorical analyses, higher circulating 25(OH)D (pooled HR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.74–0.85; I² = 1.4%, τ² = 0.0000) and carotenoids (pooled OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.46–0.91; I² = 0.0%, τ² = 0.0000) were inversely associated with CHD risk. In analyses per 1-SD increase in circulating fatty acid levels, linoleic acid was inversely associated with CHD risk (pooled OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.57–0.84; I² = 0.0%, τ² = 0.0000), whereas palmitic acid (pooled OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.23–1.89; I² = 0.0%, τ² = 0.0000) and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA; pooled OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.05–1.52; I² = 0.0%, τ² = 0.0000) were positively associated with CHD risk.

Several other exposure-specific estimates and most dose–response analyses were supported by only one or two studies and should therefore be interpreted cautiously.</p>Conclusion<p>In observational studies, selected dietary and circulating vitamin, antioxidant, and fatty acid exposures were associated with CHD risk. These associations do not establish causality or justify specific supplementation recommendations, and findings based on sparse data require confirmation in additional prospective studies.</p>