Supplementary file 1_Distributed energy resources in the electricity supply market: participation pathways, applications, challenges, and key recommendations—a European perspective.pdf

A Distributed-energy-resources-Service-Market-Governance (DSMG) is developed to link resource attributes, including controllability, response time, duration, measurability, and locational relevance, with service families, market/procurement layers, and governance actors. The framework is supported by taxonomies, capability-to-market mapping matrices, and a participation-feasibility index that evaluates the compatibility of resource portfolios with wholesale, retail/community, local-flexibility, and balancing/ancillary-service pathways.

The synthesis shows that scalable distributed-resource participation depends on observability, telemetry, baseline construction, aggregation, distribution-network hosting capacity, protection compatibility, and coherent coordination between transmission- and distribution-level operation. The resulting roadmap identifies regulatory, technical, and digital priorities for integrating distributed flexibility into European electricity markets.</p>