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Data · dataset · 2026

<p>Sph causes mitochondrial fragmentation, cristae disruption, mtDNA release, and cGAS-STING pathway activation.</p>

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<p><b>(A)</b> Representative transmission electron microscopy images showing mitochondrial ultrastructure in MAC-T cells infected with <i>S. aureus</i> WT, Δ<i>sph</i>, and Δ<i>sph</i>::<i>sph</i> (MOI = 200) for 6 h (n = 3).

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Original magnification, scale bars, 1 μm. <b>(B)</b> Representative confocal images showing cytosolic mtDNA release in MAC-T cells infected with the indicated <i>S. aureus</i> strains for 6 h (n = 3).

Scale bars, 10 μm. <b>(C)</b> Representative transmission electron microscopy images of mitochondrial ultrastructure in MAC-T cells treated with recombinant Sph (32 μg/mL) for 6 h (n = 3). Scale bars, 1 μm. <b>(D)</b> Representative confocal images showing mtDNA release in MAC-T cells treated with recombinant Sph (4 or 32 μg/mL) for 6 h (n = 3). Scale bars, 50 μm. <b>(E)</b> Intracellular ATP levels in MAC-T cells treated with recombinant Sph (4 or 32 μg/mL) for 6 h (n = 6). <b>(F)</b> Relative mRNA expression of the mitochondrial fusion genes <i>Mfn1</i> and <i>Mfn2</i> and the fission-related genes <i>Drp1</i> and <i>Fis1</i> in MAC-T cells following Sph treatment (4 or 32 μg/mL, 6 h) (n = 3).

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Violin plots illustrate the distribution of mRNA levels across the experimental groups. <b>(G)</b> Expression of POLG protein in MAC-T cells treated with treated with recombinant Sph (32 μg/mL), TMP (2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine; 10 μM), or bortezomib (500 nM) for 6 h (n = 3). <b>(H)</b> Representative immunoblots and quantitative analysis of cGAS-STING pathway proteins in MAC-T cells treated with recombinant Sph (4 or 32 μg/mL) for 6 h (n = 3).

Data are presented as mean ± SD. *<i>P</i> < 0.05; **<i>P</i> < 0.01; ns, not significant.</p>

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