Supporting data for “Berthierine-chamosite in Late Permian C1 coal and the high incidence of lung cancer in Xuan Wei, China”

Here, we characterized low-temperature ash (LTA) prepared from C1 coal collected in a high-incidence area and C9 coal from a lower-incidence area, and examined its effects in bronchial epithelial cells and chronic mouse exposure models.

Both LTAs contained particles within the respirable size range and retained berthierine–chamosite, whereas C1 LTA contained more iron. C1 LTA elicited greater mitochondrial hyperpolarization, reactive oxygen species accumulation and FTMT induction in BEAS-2B cells. Following three months of intranasal exposure and a three-month recovery period, both LTAs persisted in the lung and were associated with inflammation, iron deposition and tissue remodeling.