Comprehensive transcriptomic profiles of human induced pluripotent stem cells or human embryonic stem cells exposed to bisphenol A or thalidomide

Thalidomide promoted ectodermal differentiation at the expense of other lineages, while bisphenol A had milder effects. Transcriptome analysis revealed distinct gene expression changes for each chemical, with thalidomide inducing more pronounced shifts.

These changes correlated with increased H3K27ac modifications at enhancer regions of upregulated genes, linking gene expression alterations to epigenetic modifications. The findings emphasize the role of epigenetic mechanisms in developmental toxicity.