Supplementary file 1_Nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, practices, and educational needs regarding frailty: a multicenter cross-sectional survey in southwestern China.docx

The mean total KAP score was 103.07 ± 12.65 (81.16% of maximum). Attitude scored highest (88.53%), followed by knowledge (81.38%) and practice (74.40%), with practice corresponding to the lowest percentage of its maximum. In fully adjusted mixed-effects models, more recent frailty education was independently associated with the total KAP score (overall p = 0.019; never-trained vs. trained within the past month, β = −6.820, 95% CI − 13.220 to −0.430, p = 0.036), whereas the association with recency of frailty-related reading was borderline (overall p = 0.051).

Geriatric nurse specialist certification was independently associated only with knowledge (β = 2.070, 95% CI 0.660 to 3.490; p = 0.004), not with overall KAP, attitude, or practice; sociodemographic characteristics were not associated.</p>Conclusion<p>Nurses held positive attitudes, whereas self-reported practice corresponded to the lowest percentage of its maximum. Recency of frailty education was the factor most consistently associated with KAP and represents a potentially modifiable correlate.

Given the cross-sectional design, these associations are consistent with a potential role for regularly refreshed, blended, and practice-oriented training. Longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to confirm clinical benefit.</p>