Table 1_Longitudinal outcomes associated with structured exercise and dietary and microbiota-targeted care in patients with diabetic sarcopenia: a retrospective cohort study.doc

Adjusted generalized estimating equation models were used to evaluate longitudinal trajectories.</p>Results<p>Significant group × time interactions were observed for SMI (P = 0.017), handgrip strength (P < 0.001), gait speed (P < 0.001), and SPPB score (P = 0.015). At month 12, adjusted between-group differences favoring the intervention group were 0.282 kg/m² for SMI (95% CI, 0.177–0.387), 3.348 kg for handgrip strength (95% CI, 2.718–3.983), 0.129 m/s for gait speed (95% CI, 0.109–0.149), and 1.225 points for SPPB score (95% CI, 0.895–1.556; all P < 0.001).

Group × time interactions were not significant for HbA1c, HOMA-IR, or FPG. No significant difference in adverse-event incidence was detected (Risk ratio: 1.171; P = 0.478).</p>Conclusions<p>Structured exercise combined with dietary and microbiota-targeted care was associated with more favorable muscle-related trajectories but not superior overall glycemic control. The observational design precludes causal inference or separation of individual component effects, warranting confirmation in prospective randomized trials.</p>