Table 1_The effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on albuminuria in people with type 1 diabetes and diabetic kidney disease: a proof-of-concept study.docx

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential renoprotective role of UDCA in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and DKD.</p>Methods<p>In this single-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, participants with T1D and DKD with residual albuminuria (urine albumin to creatinine ratio, > 3 mg/mmol) on a maximum tolerated, stable dose of renin–angiotensin system (RAS) blockade with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 30 ml/min were included.

Participants were randomly allocated to UDCA (500 mg BID) or placebo for 24 weeks, with a 4-week washout period in between. The primary endpoint was the change in urine albumin excretion rate (UAER), measured from timed urine collections after 24 weeks of treatment with UDCA compared with placebo.</p>Results<p>Thirty-one participants were included, of whom 21 were men; the median age (interquartile range [IQR]) was 54.2 (22.7–75.3) years.