Supplementary file 1_Effects of topical Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract cream on IL-22 and filaggrin in a murine model of atopic dermatitis.docx

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) contributes to epidermal inflammation and disrupts keratinocyte differentiation, whereas filaggrin is essential for maintaining epidermal barrier integrity. Averrhoa bilimbi leaves contain phytochemical constituents with potential anti-inflammatory activity, but their effects on IL-22 and filaggrin expression in AD remain unclear.</p>Objective<p>To evaluate the effects of topical A. bilimbi leaf ethanolic extract cream (ABLEC) on skin-tissue IL-22 concentrations and filaggrin expression in a 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene- and ovalbumin-induced murine model of AD.</p>Methods<p>This randomized posttest-only controlled animal study included 30 male BALB/c mice allocated to six groups (n = 5/group): vehicle control, positive control treated with 0.1% betamethasone valerate, untreated AD control, and ABLEC at 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.04%.

AD-like inflammation was induced with dinitrofluorobenzene and ovalbumin for 28 days. Assigned topical preparations were subsequently applied at 42 mg to a 6-cm² dorsal skin area every 12 h for 14 days. Cutaneous IL-22 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas filaggrin expression was assessed immunohistochemically and quantified using ImageJ.