Mineral–Herb Nanohybrids Generated through Endogenous Nanogenesis for Multimodal Imaging-Guided Renal Cancer Therapy

The resulting <i>corni fructus</i>–<i>magnetitum</i> nanohybrids (N-CFM) enable dual-modal imaging of renal tumors while simultaneously inducing oxidative stress-associated ferroptotic and apoptotic responses after systemic administration. In parallel, N-CFM remodels the tumor immune microenvironment through macrophage polarization and enhanced cytotoxic T-cell infiltration, resulting in effective suppression of orthotopic tumor progression and metastasis with favorable biocompatibility.

This work expands the functional boundary of decoction-derived biomaterials by introducing intrinsic imaging capability through mineral integration and provides a general strategy for developing naturally derived theranostic biomaterials for imaging-guided cancer therapy.