Table 1_Interaction modality trade-offs in XR training: evidence from PC, virtual reality, and mixed reality in esports production.docx

No significant differences were found in completion scores; however, immersive conditions (VR and MR) produced significantly lower error rates than PC. PC achieved the highest usability scores.</p>Discussion<p>Training effectiveness depends on aligning interaction modality with instructional goals rather than immersion alone. VR was associated with lower error frequency during procedural tasks, MR offered a balanced performance–usability profile, and PC favored usability and lower workload.

These findings provide practical guidance for selecting XR modalities in esports production training and support the design of context-appropriate digital training environments for workforce skill development and sustainable learning innovation.</p>