Supplementary file 1_Socioeconomic disadvantage, air pollution, and metabolic health among women: analyses of UK Biobank and US data.docx

We examined their joint associations with liver-related and metabolic outcomes among middle-aged and older women.</p>Methods<p>This multi-database observational study included UK Biobank women and US women aged 40 years or older. UK exposures were Townsend deprivation and a residential 2010 PM_2.5–NO₂ score; outcomes were calculated Fatty Liver Index (FLI), FLI-defined probable fatty liver, and MRI liver fat.

The contextual UK main model jointly included air pollution, Townsend deprivation, age, and collapsed ethnicity; extended sensitivity models additionally included smoking, alcohol frequency, education, and walking pace. US exposures were state poverty and PM_2.5, and the primary outcome was age-standardized obesity prevalence.</p>Results<p>Among 231,525 UK women, mean FLI was 38.19 and 25.79% had FLI ≥60. In the contextual UK main model, Townsend deprivation was associated with higher FLI [β = 1.114, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.069 to 1.159] and higher odds of FLI ≥60 [odds ratio (OR) 1.080, 95% CI 1.076 to 1.084].