Supplementary file 1_Effectiveness of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization-based interventions for nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.docx

The pooled analysis favored DNS-based interventions for pain-related outcomes (SMD = −1.17, 95% CI: −1.85 to −0.48), but heterogeneity was substantial (I² = 85%). Subgroup analyses by intervention strategy, duration, weekly frequency, and session duration did not clearly account for the heterogeneity and were considered exploratory. Begg's test yielded p = 0.063, but the assessment of publication bias and small-study effects was inconclusive given the limited evidence base.

Leave-one-out analysis indicated that no individual study alone materially altered the pooled estimate, but it did not resolve the remaining clinical and methodological uncertainties.</p>Discussion<p>DNS-based interventions may reduce pain-related outcomes in individuals with NLBP; however, the magnitude, clinical importance, and generalizability of the effect remain uncertain. Adequately powered, high-quality RCTs using standardized DNS protocols, clearly defined comparators, and consistent pain-specific outcomes are needed.</p>Systematic Review Registration<p>crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, PROSPERO (No. CRD420251152728).</p>