<p>Primer sequences used for qRT-PCR.</p>

These diets were also associated with downregulation of stress- and antioxidant-related genes. Metformin treatment partially attenuated several of these alterations relative to the corresponding sucrose-treated groups, including improvements in pupation, survival, locomotor performance, metabolic parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity, and gene expression.</p> <p>Conclusion</p><p>High-sucrose diets induced metabolic disturbances in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, including impaired developmental progression and survival, functional locomotor impairment, carbohydrate imbalance, oxidative stress, and suppression of stress-related gene expression.

Metformin partially attenuated several of these changes within the corresponding sucrose-treatment groups. These findings support the utility of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> as a tractable model for studying diet-induced metabolic dysfunction and evaluating pharmacological interventions.</p></div>