Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in human melanoma cells enhances cancer cell-intrinsic MHC-II expression [ATAC-seq]

While MHC-II is classically expressed by professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPCs), emerging evidence highlights its expression by cancer cells, where it correlates with enhanced immune infiltration and favorable clinical outcomes. However, the regulatory mechanisms of cancer cell-intrinsic MHC-II remain unclear.

Here, using genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens, we identify the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and its nuclear translocator (ARNT) as key regulators of MHC-II expression in human melanoma cells. The expression level and ligand-dependent activity of AhR and ARNT significantly correlate with cancer cell-intrinsic MHC-II expression. Multi-omics analyses reveal that this regulation is mediated through transcriptional activation of the MHC-II transactivator, CIITA, via binding of AhR-ARNT to its second promoter, pII.