Spatial Epigenomics Reveals Stromal Niche-Associated Regulatory Programs Across Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Grades

We performed an integrative analysis combining single-nucleus ATAC-seq (snATAC-seq) and spatial ATAC-seq across multiple tumor grades. These findings demonstrate that cellular behavior in NF-PanNETs is governed not only by intrinsic epigenetic states but also by spatial context.

Together, our study provides a spatially resolved epigenomic framework for dissecting NF-PanNET heterogeneity and evolution, offering new biomarkers and regulatory axes for molecular stratification and precision therapy.