Table 1_A two-domain regulatory literacy instrument among Saudi pharmacy interns: a single-center pilot assessment under vision 2030.docx

Conversely, a critical deficiency emerged within the procedural sub-domain (23.5% overall success rate). Alarmingly, 50% (n = 20) misidentified the United States Food and Drug Administration as the local market authorization body, and (0%, n = 0) were aware of commercial non-promotional value caps. At the participant level, 80.0% passed the declarative sub-domain (95% CI: 64.4%–90.9%), whereas only 22.5% passed the procedural sub-domain, confirming a highly significant operational performance gap (95% CI: 10.8%–38.5%; χ² = 21.04, df = 1, p < 0.0001).

Self-perceived literacy strongly predicted objective outcomes (Fisher's exact test, p < 0.0001). However, this calibration exposed a profound systemic under preparedness.</p>Conclusion<p>These exploratory findings suggest a notable vulnerability within the evaluated cohort, where strong declarative knowledge masks deficits in procedural execution. To support practice-ready graduates and mitigate compliance risks under Saudi Vision 2030, a transition from theoretical jurisprudence to simulated operational training frameworks is recommended within undergraduate pharmacy curricula.</p>