Supplementary file 1_Hollow-degree-tuned Prussian blue–mesoporous silica nanoplatforms for chemo-photothermal cancer therapy with preliminary microfluidic perfusion evaluation.docx

The measured photothermal conversion efficiencies of 1-, 2-, and 3-HMPB@mSiO₂ were 23.37%, 18.62%, and 14.41%, respectively. ICP-MS showed decreasing Fe contents with increasing hollowing, while PB-equivalent-mass-matched measurements yielded similar photothermal conversion efficiencies (16.80%, 15.80%, and 14.41%), indicating that PB abundance is a major contributor to the observed photothermal differences.

DOX release was enhanced by both mild acidity and mild hyperthermia relative to pH 7.4/37 °C. After treatment-matched correction for nanoparticle-related optical interference, the blank carriers showed limited acute carrier-associated cytotoxicity in HeLa cells over 24 h, and quantitative fluorescence imaging confirmed effective intracellular DOX delivery. At an equal total formulation concentration, the intermediate-hollow 2-HMPB@mSiO₂-DOX formulation produced the strongest combined therapeutic response.

Multi-dose combination-index, Bliss-independence, and Loewe-additivity analyses further supported increasingly synergistic chemo-photothermal interactions with increasing treatment effect. Preliminary syringe-pump-driven microfluidic perfusion in physiological medium preserved the principal structure-dependent trends in particle dispersion, drug leakage, and NIR heating.</p>Conclusion<p>These results demonstrate that hollow-state engineering provides a practical strategy for balancing competing photothermal and drug-delivery functions in PB-based nanoplatforms.</p>