Supplementary file 1_Food-based formula modulates gut microbial homeostasis and inflammatory responses following LPS challenge in mice.docx

However, their potential effects on inflammatory recovery and gut microbial composition remain insufficiently understood. This study evaluated a novel whole-food-based formula (FBF) composed of natural food-derived ingredients and investigated its effects on inflammation recovery and gut microbiota in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced low-grade inflammation.</p>Methods<p>21 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to a healthy control (HC) group, a milk-based formula (MBF) group, or a food-based formula (FBF) group.

Mild systemic inflammation was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (3 mg/kg). After LPS administration, mice received dietary intervention for 10 days. Serum inflammatory cytokines, colonic histopathology, and gut microbiota profiles were evaluated by ELISA, hematoxylin–eosin staining, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, respectively.</p>Results<p>Serum IL-6 concentrations were elevated in the MBF group compared with healthy controls (p < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was observed between the FBF group and healthy controls.