Ginsenoside F1 improves mitochondrial energy metabolism through regulating gut microbiota-induced bile acid homeostasis [RNA-Seq]

Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD for 8 weeks to establish MetS and then treated with GF1 at 50 or 100 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks, alongside chow‑fed controls. Metabolic phenotypes were assessed via indirect calorimetry, serum biochemical assays, histopathological examination, and oral glucose tolerance tests.

To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we performed a comprehensive multi‑omics and functional analysis, including RNA‑sequencing of liver and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT), 16S rRNA gene sequencing of gut microbiota from fecal samples, targeted metabolomics for bile acid profiling in liver tissues, flow cytometry for immune cell phenotyping in blood, liver, and stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue, as well as Western blotting and immunohistochemistry for protein validation.