Table 1_Temporal trends in surfactant replacement therapy among U.S. infants, 2016–2024.docx

Annual percentages of infants receiving SRT were estimated by gestational age group. Temporal trends were summarized as annual percent change (APC) using Poisson regression.</p>Results<p>From 2016 to 2024, the observed SRT rate increased from 0.48% (95% CI, 0.48%–0.49%) to 0.51% (95% CI, 0.50%–0.51%), an absolute difference of approximately 0.03 percentage points, corresponding to a model-estimated cumulative relative increase of 7.60% [95% CI, 6.00%–9.22%; APC, 0.92% (95% CI, 0.73%–1.11%)], with a transient deviation in 2021.

The increase was most pronounced among late preterm infants born at 34–36 weeks (APC, 0.90% [95% CI, 0.45%–1.36%]) and term infants born at 37 weeks or later (APC, 3.31% [95% CI, 2.82%–3.79%]). Similar upward patterns were observed in the Premier Healthcare Database among preterm infants. The calibrated SRT rate among preterm births in 2024 was 11.39% (95% CI, 11.23%–11.54%).</p>Conclusion<p>Across 2 national data sources, SRT rates increased among infants born at 34 weeks’ gestation or later.

These findings suggest evolving patterns of neonatal respiratory care and inform surveillance and interpretation of national birth data.</p>