Subacute oral glyphosate induces dose-dependent renal injury in male mice (<i>Mus musculus</i>)

No endpoint differed from control at 10 mg/kg under the prespecified analysis (one heteroscedastic sensitivity test detected a low-dose MDA increase), whereas significant effects were present at 50 mg/kg. A monotone dose trend was confirmed for every endpoint tested (Jonckheere–Terpstra, FDR-adjusted p < 0.001), and exploratory benchmark doses lay below the 50 mg/kg anchor. These findings indicate dose-dependent renal injury under subacute conditions and warrant duration-matched, both-sex confirmation.

The doses studied lie far above realistic human intakes and characterize hazard rather than risk.</p> <p></p><p>Swiss albino mice received technical-grade glyphosate at 10, 50 or 100 mg/kg/day orally for 28 days.</p><p>Doses were anchored to the regulatory no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL ≈ 50 mg/kg/day).</p><p>Renal function, oxidative-stress markers and histopathology were assessed jointly in the same animals (n = 10 per group).</p><p>Significant functional, redox and structural injury appeared from 50 mg/kg, whereas no statistically detectable adverse effect was observed at 10 mg/kg/day by the primary post-hoc analysis (with an isolated low-dose MDA signal on heteroscedastic sensitivity testing) under this 28-day male-mouse design.</p><p>A monotone dose trend was confirmed for every endpoint tested (Jonckheere–Terpstra, FDR-adjusted p < 0.001; <a target="_blank" href="10.1080/01480545.2026.2726183">Supplementary Table S4</a>), consistent with nephrotoxicity of the active ingredient under the present conditions.</p><p></p> <p>Swiss albino mice received technical-grade glyphosate at 10, 50 or 100 mg/kg/day orally for 28 days.</p> <p>Doses were anchored to the regulatory no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL ≈ 50 mg/kg/day).</p> <p>Renal function, oxidative-stress markers and histopathology were assessed jointly in the same animals (n = 10 per group).</p> <p>Significant functional, redox and structural injury appeared from 50 mg/kg, whereas no statistically detectable adverse effect was observed at 10 mg/kg/day by the primary post-hoc analysis (with an isolated low-dose MDA signal on heteroscedastic sensitivity testing) under this 28-day male-mouse design.</p> <p>A monotone dose trend was confirmed for every endpoint tested (Jonckheere–Terpstra, FDR-adjusted p < 0.001; <a target="_blank" href="10.1080/01480545.2026.2726183">Supplementary Table S4</a>), consistent with nephrotoxicity of the active ingredient under the present conditions.</p>