Ad-MPXV-4_scRNA-TCR_Mouse

Using a mouse model, we evaluated antigen-specific antibody responses, effector and memory T-cell responses, tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), and protective efficacy against lethal vaccinia virus challenge.

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing were performed to dissect the route-dependent remodeling of pulmonary and splenic immune landscapes at the transcriptional and clonal levels. Our data show that intranasal immunization induces robust mucosal IgA and sustained lung TRM responses, confers complete protection (100%), and limits excessive inflammatory injury, whereas intramuscular immunization provides only partial protection (80%) and is associated with more pronounced pulmonary inflammation.